Thursday, March 14, 2024

The Peripheral by William Gibson

 






I first read this book in 1985, the year after it was published. The hardcover version clocks in at 485 pages. In 2022 it surfaced again on Amazon Prime as a mini-series, though the second season was cancelled due to a writers' strike, a disappointment as I thought the cast was great and there were parts that I found unforgettable -- the haptic band of brothers and their use of drones, and especially the eerie portrayal of a future London with tall buildings that are part ruin, part classical sculpture.

So I picked up the book again this year, but had forgotten how reading Gibson can be like boarding a moving train. He speeds through chapters without fully explaining what's going on and backfills gaps later on. This streamlines the story but the scattered clues can be difficult to pick up. Many of the details, while interesting, are not germane to the plot. Add a few plot twists and by the end of the book you'll be forgiven for feeling a bit dazed.

PLOT SYMMETRIES

The 124 chapters alternate between the future and the past, and between the POV of two main characters. The cast is large and there is much detail which, though entertaining, is unimportant to the plot. The overall effect is like a linear jigsaw puzzle. Throw in the Amazon mini-series, which does not hew closely to the book itself, yet is so vivid that it has a tendency to blur one's ability to keep the two separate. Many characters in the series do not appear in the book, and vice versa.

Far-reaching consequences set the story in motion in chapters 8 and 15. They involve murders in two locations (London and the Great Pacific Garbage Patch). They appear unrelated at first, but later we find out that two sisters are involved, Aelita and Daedra. One is a victim, the other a perpetrator, although we do not find this out until later. The murders are bizarre and could only happen in the future.

Featured in the other half of the story, which takes place in the near-present, is another pair of siblings, this time a brother and sister named Burton and Flynne. An imaginative version of time travel brings the present and future together, separated by something called the Jackpot, a combination of war, disease, drought, and climate change that decimated 80% of humanity. (It's a concept borrowed from a Heinlein short story called "The Year of the Jackpot."). Those who survived (mainly the wealthy) were able to rebuild the world thanks to a surge in technology, but it's mostly an empty world. Androids and nanobots do the heavy lifting, everything from menial tasks to killing.

In the near-present there are two main ways of making money -- online gaming and the drug trade. Flynne and Burton are good enough at the former to attract the attention of a wealthy dilettante named Lev who dabbles in the past as a hobby. In other words, he too is a kind of gamer. By making contact with Burton and Flynne, he creates another continuum, or "stub," which will diverge from Lev's.

Burton is offered big bucks to role-play what he thinks is a game, but at a critical moment Flynne has to take his place, and she witnesses a murder. This immediately attracts the attention of unknown rivals who send a hit-squad to take out Burton and Flynne in the present. Burton however is an ex-Marine who was part of Haptic Recon unit. At first, he and his ex-military buddies are more than a match for the people pitted against them, but the conflict between present and future quickly escalates.

TIME TRAVEL

No time machine is involved. Instead a mysterious server in China ("something to do with quantum tunnelling") enables an exchange of data between the present and the future. The consciousness of a person from the present can be uploaded into an android, aka "a peripheral." Such a person is called a polt (not a poult) and is able to interact with others in the future. Peripherals do not eat or excrete, and must be recharged by a nutrient bath. People in the future use them as casually as people use characters in online games, both in their own timeline as well as in the past.

As soon as a connection with the past is made, an alternate timeline (or "stub") is created. Thus Flynne's present does not lead directly to Lev's future. Yet that does not prevent two of the characters from existing in both Flynne's present (which is only a few years beyond today) and Lev's future (which is 70 years distant from hers). Flynne's is the first stub created by Lev. Others exist, but we are not told anything about them and their presence is not widely known. It is soon discovered that someone else from the future has made a connection with Flynne's stub, and a deadly race ensues between the two groups for control of the past with Flynne and her family caught in the middle. How people from the future operate in the present is not explained in any detail, except to say they use their phones.

People in Flynne's time use wearable phones and drive cardboard cars produced in China. The military makes use of haptic technology. 3D fabbing is widespread, and familiar commercial operations appear in a different guise: Hefty Mart, Coffee Jones, Pharma Jon, Sushi Barn. For most people it's a gig economy.

CHARACTERS & GLOSSARY

[Shaded entrees = Future]

Aelita West - Sister of Daedra, and a murky American figure whose murder is witnessed by Flynne.

Annie Courrèges - A Neoprimitive curator.

Ash - One of Lev's "technicals" who keep track of his hobbies and "his polt-world sorted." She has moving tattoos and doubled (figure eight) pupils.

Aunties - Algorithms employed by the police.

Badger - A social media platform. (A sarcastic jab by the author?)

Boss Patcher - Has keratotic skin, no neck, features of a bullfrog, two penises, and lives on a plastic island in the Pacific. See Hamed al-Habib.

Bullpup - "An Army rifle that looked like it had been telescoped back into itself, squashed front to back."

Burton Fisher - An ex-Marine getting disability from VA due to problems caused by his haptics. Uses the avatar "Easy Ice" when playing online games, and has won many drone contests. When warned that a contract has been put out on him, he replies that he's not "a particularly easy target."

Coffee Jones - A coffee chain that also serves freshly printed cronuts. Flynne once worked there.

Conner Penske - The only other HaptRec vet. Missing an arm, leg, a foot, and several digits. Drives a special trike that burns cooking oil. Kills a 4-man hit team sent from Memphis to take out Burton and Flynne. In London his peripheral is a martial arts instructor aka the dancing instructor.

Corbell Pickett - Richest man in the county, involved in the drug trade. Burton pays him hush money after Conner kills a hit squad from Memphis. Corbell has Flynne kidnapped after getting an offer to kill her. Flynne is rescued by Burton and Corbell's compound blown up. Corbell flees the country.

Carter - Part of Burton's posse, helps monitor the drones around the Fisher home.

Danny - Runs Jimmy's, a bar & grill.

Duval - Part of Burton's posse, helps monitor the drones around the Fisher home.

Carlos - A volunteer EMT, part of Burton's posse.

Clovis Fearing - An old friend of Lowbeer who owns a shop in London dealing exclusively in Americana. Resembles "some crumbling relict saint," and is familiar with continua enthusiasts who will "buy anything from the twenty thirties, twenty forties." They "try to get as far back from the Jackpot proper as they can. About 2028, latest." She is "also a former British spy, as was Lowbeer, who ran her out of the embassy in DC."

Clovis Raeburn - An American in Flynne's time. In the future she is Clovis Fearing.

Daedra West- A celebrity exhibitionist, herself "the product" in an art form that is part reality television, politics, and performance art. After each media event she has herself flensed and sells the skin to art collectors. She breaks her agreement with the backers of her latest project (visiting the Patchers) by appearing naked and tattooed. It's a deliberate provocation of the Patchers, who had eaten the last two envoys. According to Ash, Daedra "or one of her associates is our competitor in the stub" (p354).

Edward - Part of Burton's posse, works at Forever Fab.

Ella Fisher - Ailing mother of Flynne & Burton.

Fabbitt - A 3D printing chain.

Flynne Fisher - Burton's sister. Would have signed up for the Armed Forces when he joined the Marines, but stayed at home to look after their ailing mother. Makes money by online gaming, and is better at it than Burton. Shoots Hamed at the end of the book.

Fitz-David Wu - Best Shakespearian actor of his time.

Forever Fab - A 3D printing shop owned by Shaylene.

Great Pacific Garbage Patch - A floating island made of recovered plastic in the North Pacific, inhabited by fewer than 100 people.

Gobiwagen - A Mercedes land-yacht "commissioned for a tour of Mongolian deserts," owned by Lev's grandfather.

Hamed al-Habib - Impersonated the Boss Patcher whose death he staged. He killed Aelita, the woman he was involved with.

HaptRec Recon 1 - A unit of Marines outfitted with haptics that enable them to coordinate their movements on the battlefield.

Hefty Mart - A large chain of stores suggestive of Costco or Wall-Mart with headquarters in Delhi.

Hong - Owns Sushi Barn.

Jackman - A sheriff in the pay of Corbell.

Janet - Friend of Flynne, makes socklike things for Conner.

Janice - Friend of Flynne, helps look after Ella, married to Madison.

Gonzales (Felicia) - President of the US.

Griff (Gryffyd Holdsworth) - A diplomat-type from England, and Lowbeer when she was much younger.

Homes - Homeland Security.

Jimmy's - A bar & grill.

Klein Cruz Vermette - A law firm out of Miami working to keep Flynne and Burton safe.

Leon - Cousin of Burton and Flynne. An Army vet, he aids Burton by accepting a $10 million prize via a state lottery rigged by the future.

Lev Zubov - The youngest of a powerful Russian family in London, and a dilettante who is "a sort of scout for the family." Looks for things they might invest in as well as "sources of novelty." Flynne's is his first stub. When it's discovered that someone else is accessing it via the polt that Wilf gave to Daedra's sister, he takes steps to block their efforts. Has two older brothers, Anton and Pavel, and two pet "thylacine analogs" named Gordon and Tyrenna.

Lithonia - Friend of Flynne, spells Janice in looking after Ella.

Lorenzo - Rainey's cameraperson, he records Daedra's meeting with the Patchers.

Lowbeer - Detective Inspector Ainsley Lowbeer of the Metropolitan Police in London. Called in by Lev after he heard Flynne's story about the murder. Has broad shoulders, white hair, and wears clothes "as ambiguous as she was." A former spy. See Griff.

Luke 4:5 - A religious group hated by Burton.

Macon - Gay friend of Burton and Flynne, good at math, excels at 3D fabbing.

Madison - Playing vintage sims like Sukhoi Flankers, a main money earner for him and Janice.

Maenads' Crush - a bar.

Matryoshka - Name given to those opposing Flynne and Burton. "Out of Nassau, so that's probably where they first came through from the future." Racing Milagros Coldiron for ownership of the world in the past.

Medici - A healing device.

Michikoids - Aka koids, AI-operated androids able to move like spiders when the need arises, and even "grow extra sets of spider eyes."

Milagros Coldiron - A shell company in Colombia set up by Lev to facilitate operations in the present.

Mobi - A blimp.

Neoprimitives - People who "either survived the Jackpot on their own or have opted out of the global system." Some embrace "heritage diseases" like the common cold.

Operation Northwind - A game played by Flynne before being contacted by the future.

Ossian Murphy - Aka the Irishman, named after a fictional Gaelic poet. He and Ash sometimes communicate with each other in a synthetic language that sounds like birdsong. They work for Lev and mind his hobbies for him. He wears a pigtail and sometimes acts as a butler.

Party Time - A drug that turns people into homicidal sex maniacs.

Patchers - A small group of Neoprimitives who cleaned plastic from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and used it to assemble a huge floating island. They are into grotesque body modifications. They ate the last two envoys.

Pharma Jon - A pharmacy chain.

Polt - Short for poltergeist. A person operating a peripheral.

Rainey - Lives in Toronto and works for the Canadian government. She hired Wilf for Daedra's project, and afterwards tells him that they had been used to facilitate the deaths, which were an assassination, a hit.

Remembrancer - Appears only at the end of the book. A man in tall hat and a crooked official of the City who collaborated with Hamed. Killed by Burton.

Reece - An Army vet and part of Burton's posse, forced by Pickett to kidnap Flynne.

Shaylene - Friend of Flynne, owns Forever Fab where Flynne sometimes works. She went out with Burton in high school.

Squidsuit - a camouflage suit,

Tommy Constantine - Deputy sheriff, an honest cop.

Tacoma Raeburn- Red-haired sister of Clovis Raeburn, also a notary and a CPA who works for Griff and for Klein Cruz Vermette. Claims she's better than Clovis with a gun.

Wheelie Boy - A ball with a tractor tire on each side and a mini-tablet on a stick. Used by Wilf when he visits the present, as no peripherals are available there.

Wilf - A friend of Lev, with whom he went to school, now a glib publicist with a drinking problem. He worked briefly for Daedra, and with whom he'd had an affair. He tried to impress her by mentioning Lev's stub and offering the use of a polt (Burton), but she wasn't interested. At her suggestion the polt was given to her sister. He was fired after the fiasco at the Garbage Patch in chapter 8.

SUMMING UP

Rainey told Wilf that they had been used by someone to kill the Boss Patcher and his his entourage" (p.32). That someone could only have been Daedra, with whom Wilf had had a brief affair. Daedra didn't want the polt that Wilf offered her, and suggested that it be give to Aelita. Presumably she was the one who contacted Burton to provide security, mainly to keep paparazzi drones away from a reception she was holding. Flynne took Burton's place and witnessed Aelita being killed by Hamed, who had learned about the stub from Aelita, as they had been together for quite a while. Immediately after Aelita was killed, Ash tells Lev that someone has been accessing their stub: "seems as though it has something to do with your polt." When Hamed learned there was a witness to the murder, he went after Flynne and Burton.

On page 354 Ash comments that "it's almost certain that Daedra, or one of her associates, is our competitor in the stub." Presumably one of the associates is the City Remembrancer, who was involved in the monetization of an island "that he created," (p. 458), presumably the one inhabited by the Patchers. According to Hamed, they have "endemic health issues...of which they aren't yet aware." On page 471 Lowbeer speculates that the Remembrancer "might have suffered some well-concealed setback in his affairs: a real estate and development scheme, with resource extraction?" This suggests the media stunt that Daedra orchestrated sank whatever financial aspirations the Remembrancer had for the island. As soon as he is killed, Lowbeer says to Flynne and Burton, "Sir Henry's death has deprived your competitor of the sort of advantage that Lev and I afford you now."

In the end Hamed gets away with murder, as "he's too well-connected to be bothered by any of this" (p. 474). Daedra is tormented by Conner for a while but isn't harmed. So Daedra too gets away with murder, for she had obviously set up the confrontation with Hamed, who was pretending to be the Boss Patcher. He wasn't killed but some of his followers were. Daedra "was covered with a hypersonic weapons-delivery system...something orbital, ready to drop in" (p.32).

The final two chapters are saccharine, probably because Gibson figured we'd had enough nastiness with the revelations about Hamed, Daedra, and the Remembrancer, and with the worst of the Jackpot still to come (but then again, maybe not in this stub).

Tuesday, October 31, 2023

Literary Prizes

An article in The Economist this month discussed some of the pitfalls in the awarding of prizes for literature. Malcolm Muggeridge, for example, withdrew from judging the Booker because he was "nauseated and appalled by the entries," while an earlier chair of the committee confessed, "How could anybody have thought this was worth publishing?" According to the article, the Nobel's criteria are "at best esoteric and at worst wholly opaque." Among those who have been bypassed for the award are Chekhov, Joyce, Proust, and Woolf. 
 
Doris Lessing's response on being told she had won was, "Oh, Christ." 

This year's Nobel winner is Jon Olav Fosse, who "writes mainly in Nyorsk, a form of Norwegian which is, even among the country's writers, a minority pursuit." His work (according to a quick trip to Wikipedia) "spans over seventy novels, poems, children's books, essays, and theatre plays, which have been translated into over fifty languages." A not-unimpressive oevre.

Here's a full list of Nobel Winners. How many are you familiar with?

1901

Sully Prudhomme

France

poet

1902

Theodor Mommsen

Germany

historian

1903

Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson

Norway

novelist, poet, dramatist

1904

José Echegaray y Eizaguirre

Spain

dramatist

Frédéric Mistral

France

poet

1905

Henryk Sienkiewicz

Poland

novelist

1906

Giosuè Carducci

Italy

poet

1907

Rudyard Kipling

U.K.

poet, novelist

1908

Rudolf Christoph Eucken

Germany

philosopher

1909

Selma Lagerlöf

Sweden

novelist

1910

Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse

Germany

poet, novelist, dramatist

1911

Maurice Maeterlinck

Belgium

dramatist

1912

Gerhart Hauptmann

Germany

dramatist

1913

Rabindranath Tagore

India

poet

1915

Romain Rolland

France

novelist

1916

Verner von Heidenstam

Sweden

poet

1917

Karl Gjellerup

Denmark

novelist

Henrik Pontoppidan

Denmark

novelist

1918

Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined)

Sweden

poet

1919

Carl Spitteler

Switzerland

poet, novelist

1920

Knut Hamsun

Norway

novelist

1921

Anatole France

France

novelist

1922

Jacinto Benavente y Martínez

Spain

dramatist

1923

William Butler Yeats

Ireland

poet

1924

Władysław Stanisław Reymont

Poland

novelist

1925

George Bernard Shaw

Ireland

dramatist

1926

Grazia Deledda

Italy

novelist

1927

Henri Bergson

France

philosopher

1928

Sigrid Undset

Norway

novelist

1929

Thomas Mann

Germany

novelist

1930

Sinclair Lewis

U.S.

novelist

1931

Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumous award)

Sweden

poet

1932

John Galsworthy

U.K.

novelist

1933

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

U.S.S.R.

poet, novelist

1934

Luigi Pirandello

Italy

dramatist

1936

Eugene O'Neill

U.S.

dramatist

1937

Roger Martin du Gard

France

novelist

1938

Pearl Buck

U.S.

novelist

1939

Frans Eemil Sillanpää

Finland

novelist

1944

Johannes V. Jensen

Denmark

novelist

1945

Gabriela Mistral

Chile

poet

1946

Hermann Hesse

Switzerland

novelist

1947

André Gide

France

novelist, essayist

1948

T.S. Eliot

U.K.

poet, critic

1949

William Faulkner

U.S.

novelist

1950

Bertrand Russell

U.K.

philosopher

1951

Pär Lagerkvist

Sweden

novelist

1952

François Mauriac

France

poet, novelist, dramatist

1953

Sir Winston Churchill

U.K.

historian, orator

1954

Ernest Hemingway

U.S.

novelist

1955

Halldór Laxness

Iceland

novelist

1956

Juan Ramón Jiménez

Spain

poet

1957

Albert Camus

France

novelist, dramatist

1958

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (declined)

U.S.S.R.

novelist, poet

1959

Salvatore Quasimodo

Italy

poet

1960

Saint-John Perse

France

poet

1961

Ivo Andric

Yugoslavia

novelist

1962

John Steinbeck

U.S.

novelist

1963

George Seferis

Greece

poet

1964

Jean-Paul Sartre (declined)

France

philosopher, dramatist

1965

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

U.S.S.R.

novelist

1966

S.Y. Agnon

Israel

novelist

Nelly Sachs

Sweden

poet

1967

Miguel Ángel Asturias

Guatemala

novelist

1968

Kawabata Yasunari

Japan

novelist

1969

Samuel Beckett

Ireland

novelist, dramatist

1970

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn

U.S.S.R.

novelist

1971

Pablo Neruda

Chile

poet

1972

Heinrich Böll

West Germany

novelist

1973

Patrick White

Australia

novelist

1974

Eyvind Johnson

Sweden

novelist

Harry Martinson

Sweden

novelist, poet

1975

Eugenio Montale

Italy

poet

1976

Saul Bellow

U.S.

novelist

1977

Vicente Aleixandre

Spain

poet

1978

Isaac Bashevis Singer

U.S.

novelist

1979

Odysseus Elytis

Greece

poet

1980

Czesław Miłosz

U.S.

poet

1981

Elias Canetti

Bulgaria

novelist, essayist

1982

Gabriel García Márquez

Colombia

novelist, journalist, social critic

1983

Sir William Golding

U.K.

novelist

1984

Jaroslav Seifert

Czechoslovakia

poet

1985

Claude Simon

France

novelist

1986

Wole Soyinka

Nigeria

dramatist, poet

1987

Joseph Brodsky

U.S.

poet, essayist

1988

Naguib Mahfouz

Egypt

novelist

1989

Camilo José Cela

Spain

novelist

1990

Octavio Paz

Mexico

poet, essayist

1991

Nadine Gordimer

South Africa

novelist

1992

Derek Walcott

Saint Lucia

poet

1993

Toni Morrison

U.S.

novelist

1994

Oe Kenzaburo

Japan

novelist

1995

Seamus Heaney

Ireland

poet

1996

Wisława Szymborska

Poland

poet

1997

Dario Fo

Italy

dramatist, actor

1998

José Saramago

Portugal

novelist

1999

Günter Grass

Germany

novelist

2000

Gao Xingjian

France

novelist, dramatist

2001

Sir V.S. Naipaul

Trinidad

novelist

2002

Imre Kertész

Hungary

novelist

2003

J.M. Coetzee

South Africa

novelist

2004

Elfriede Jelinek

Austria

novelist, dramatist

2005

Harold Pinter

U.K.

dramatist

2006

Orhan Pamuk

Turkey

novelist

2007

Doris Lessing

U.K.

novelist

2008

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

France

novelist, essayist

2009

Herta Müller

Germany

novelist

2010

Mario Vargas Llosa

Peru

novelist, dramatist

2011

Tomas Tranströmer

Sweden

poet

2012

Mo Yan

China

novelist, short-story writer

2013

Alice Munro

Canada

short-story writer

2014

Patrick Modiano

France

novelist

2015

Svetlana Alexievich

Belarus

journalist, prose writer

2016

Bob Dylan

U.S.

singer, songwriter

2017

Kazuo Ishiguro

U.K.

novelist

2018

Olga Tokarczuk

Poland

novelist, poet, essayist

2019

Peter Handke

Austria

novelist, poet, essayist, playwright

2020

Louise Glück

U.S.

poet

2021

Abdulrazak Gurnah

Tanz.

novelist

2022

Annie Ernaux

France

novelist, memoirist